Blogs Diseases and Infections HMPV Virus: How Dangerous is it? Understand its Symptoms, Severity, and Treatment 
As India grapples with a recent surge in Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) cases, many are drawing parallels to the COVID-19 pandemic due to similar respiratory symptoms. But what exactly is HMPV, and should we be concerned about it? This comprehensive blog will explain everything you need to know about this respiratory virus, from its severity and transmission to symptoms, diagnosis, and prevention strategies.
What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory pathogen belonging to the Pneumoviridae family and the Metapneumovirus genus. First discovered in 2001, this single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus has established itself as a significant cause of respiratory infections worldwide. While it may sound complex, HMPV is a common respiratory infection that typically appears during the winter and early spring months.
The virus is prevalent in human populations, with most people experiencing their first HMPV infection during early childhood. While the body develops some immunity after initial exposure, the virus can still cause repeat infections throughout a person's life, though these tend to be milder than the first encounter.
Human Metapneumovirus Symptoms
Most HMPV symptoms are mild and resolve within 2-5 days. These include:
- Coughing
- Nasal congestion
- Runny nose
- Fever
- Sore throat
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhoea
In severe cases, symptoms may include:
- Wheezing
- Asthma flare-ups
- Difficulty breathing
- Fatigue
- Bronchitis
- Ear Infection
- Pneumonia
- Severe bronchiolitis (more common in children)
HMPV is responsible for about 10% to 12% of
respiratory illnesses in children. While most cases are mild, up to 16% can
lead to serious complications, such as pneumonia or lower respiratory tract infections. Babies under 1 may have feeding difficulties. If symptoms last
beyond two weeks or worsen, seek medical attention immediately.
Who is at Risk?
HMPV poses a higher risk to:
- Young children: May develop bronchiolitis or pneumonia.
- Elderly: Especially those 65+ or with asthma, COPD, or chronic illnesses.
- Pregnant women: Can experience respiratory issues affecting both mother and baby.
- Immunocompromised individuals: At risk of severe symptoms due to conditions or treatments like chemotherapy.
- Individuals who have asthma or COPD.
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) vs. COVID-19
HMPV and COVID-19 are contagious respiratory illnesses with similar symptoms, including runny nose, cough, fever, congestion, sore throat, and shortness of breath. Both can cause severe cases requiring hospitalization. However, unlike COVID-19, HMPV lacks antiviral treatments or vaccines and is seasonal, peaking in winter and spring. Studies show HMPV cases tripled in some countries post-pandemic, as eased COVID-19 measures increased exposure to respiratory illnesses.
How is Human Metapneumovirus Spread?
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is caused by a virus related to RSV, measles, and mumps, which infects the respiratory system. It spreads primarily through
Close contact with an infected person: Coughing, sneezing, shaking hands, hugging, or kissing.
Contaminated surfaces: Touching objects like toys, phones, or door handles with the virus.
Human Metapneumovirus Diagnosis
Healthcare providers typically diagnose HMPV based on your symptoms and medical history. To confirm the infection, they may take a sample from your nose or throat using a soft-tipped swab, which is then tested in a lab for viruses and other infections. Testing for HMPV is generally reserved for those with severe symptoms. In some cases, a bronchoscopy or chest X-ray may be performed to examine the airways and check for lung changes.
Treatment of Human Metapneumovirus
There is no specific cure for HMPV, but symptoms can be managed with supportive care. Mild cases often improve on their own. To ease symptoms, you can:
- Take over-the-counter pain relievers for fever and pain.
- Use decongestants or corticosteroid sprays for nasal congestion.
- Use an inhaler for breathing difficulties like wheezing.
Severe cases may require hospitalization for oxygen therapy, IV fluids, or corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Antibiotics are not effective unless a secondary bacterial infection occurs.
Prevention of Human Metapneumovirus
While there’s no vaccine for HMPV, you can reduce the risk of infection by:
- Washing your hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
- Avoiding close contact with sick individuals.
- Covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, preferably into your elbow.
- Using alcohol-based sanitizers or wipes after sneezing or touching high-contact surfaces.
- Try to stay at home when you experience any symptoms.
People with chronic lung conditions like COPD or asthma should take extra precautions and stay up to date on vaccinations to protect against respiratory infections.
HMPV Virus in India
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a globally circulating respiratory virus, including in India. While India recently confirmed two cases at a Bengaluru hospital, the Union Health Ministry emphasized there has been no unusual surge in cases. Experts clarified that HMPV is not new, having been identified in 2001 and likely existing since the 1950s. It primarily causes mild respiratory infections, and most children develop immunity by age 10.
Current data from the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) and the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) shows no significant rise in Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) or Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (SARI). Hospitals are well-prepared, and health systems remain vigilant. Citizens are advised to take standard precautions, such as wearing masks, washing hands, and consulting a doctor if severe symptoms occur.
Introduction
Recently, the flu has been increasing and is stronger than before. Once you get sick, it takes time to get better and it affects your daily life and overall well-being. Following good hygiene can help you manage the condition better, and consulting a doctor at the right time can help you speed up your recovery. Therefore, this blog lets us understand the flu, its symptoms, and how to prevent it.
What is Flu (Influenza)?
Flu is also known as influenza, a common respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus. This virus can spread from one person to another person. People of all ages, regardless of gender, can get this. In addition, it mainly occurs as an outbreak during the winter months.
Types of Flu
There are three primary flu types, each with a distinct characteristic:
- Influenza A is the most common type responsible for seasonal flu outbreaks. It can infect humans and animals and cause various symptoms, from mild to severe.
- Influenza B is less common than influenza A but can still cause seasonal flu outbreaks. It primarily affects humans and typically results in milder symptoms than influenza A.
- Influenza C is the least common type of flu virus and generally causes mild respiratory symptoms. It is not responsible for seasonal flu outbreaks like influenza A and B.
Flu Causes
Generally, viruses are responsible for flu. These viruses are spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person sneezes or coughs. Contaminated surfaces can also spread the flu virus when someone touches their face.
Influenza (Flu) Symptoms
Influenza (Flu) symptoms vary in severity. The most common symptoms include:
In some severe cases, individuals may also experience,
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain
- Persistent dizziness
Influenza Treatment
Antiviral drugs are prescribed by doctors to treat influenza. These medications help alleviate symptoms and can shorten the duration of the illness. They are available in various forms, including pills, liquids, inhaled powders, and intravenous solutions.
Influenza (Flu) Prevention
Influenza is a contagious virus. By following tips, you can decrease your chances of becoming infected with the flu:
- Get a flu shot each year
- Practice social distancing
- Wash hands frequently with soap and water
- Avoid touching your face, especially the eyes, nose, and mouth
- Eat foods that boost your immune system
Conclusion
If you suffer from the flu, it is important to consult a doctor quickly, as the flu spreads easily through close contact and can lead to serious complications, especially for vulnerable groups like the elderly or those with underlying health conditions. Practicing good hygiene, such as washing your hands regularly, can help protect your own health and prevent the spread of germs to others.
20th Feb, 2025
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is a neurological condition that affects the peripheral nerves and leads to sudden numbness and muscle weakness. Early detection is essential for timely treatment. In this blog, we will learn about its symptoms, causes, and treatment options.
What is Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS)?
Guillain-Barre Syndrome is a rare autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves, which are essential for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body. This can affect anyone regardless of age and gender. However, with treatment, most people fully recover from Guillain-Barre Syndrome.
Symptoms of Guillain Barre Syndrome
In most cases, Guillain Barre Syndrome lasts a few weeks to a few months. Here are some common symptoms:
- Tingling sensations in the hands and feet.
- Weakness in the legs, which may spread to the upper body.
- Difficulty walking, climbing stairs, or performing everyday tasks.
- Facial weakness, making it hard to smile or chew.
- Trouble with breathing in severe cases.
If you notice any of these symptoms in your daily routine or if the symptoms become severe, consulting a doctor is vital to avoid further complications.
Causes of Guillain Barre Syndrome
The causes of Guillain-Barre Syndrome are still not clear, but it is believed to be triggered by an infection. Some common GBS causes include:
- Bacterial infections: Often from undercooked poultry.
- Viral infections: Including the flu, Epstein-Barr virus, or Zika virus.
- Vaccinations: Rarely, certain vaccines may trigger GBS syndrome, but the risk is extremely low.
- Surgery or trauma: Some people develop GBS after surgery or an injury.
How is Guillain Barre Syndrome diagnosed?
Based on the symptoms and medical condition of an individual the Guillain Barre syndrome is diagnosed. However, to identify the condition, the healthcare provider may suggest taking the following tests:
- Electromyography (EMG): This test measures the electrical activity of muscles and nerves.
- Spinal tap (lumbar puncture): This test involves taking a sample of cerebrospinal fluid to check for elevated protein levels, which can indicate Guillain-Barre Syndrome.
- Imaging test: Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans may be done to rule out other conditions that may be causing similar symptoms.
These tests can help confirm the diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome and rule out other potential causes of the symptoms.
Treatment for Guillain Barre Syndrome
No exact treatment has been found for Guillain-Barre Syndrome, but treatments can help manage the condition and speed up recovery. Your doctor may recommend the following treatments:
- Plasma Exchange (Plasmapheresis)
- Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG)
- Physical Therapy
- Pain Management
In conclusion, while there is no specific cure for Guillain-Barre Syndrome, prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatments can significantly impact recovery outcomes. Patients must work closely with healthcare providers to develop a comprehensive treatment plan tailored to their needs and symptoms.
13th Feb, 2025
Scrub Typhus is a transmitting virus that has spread rapidly in Tamil Nadu. In response, the Directorate of Public Health has released essential guidelines to control its spread. Understanding this disease is an important step in safeguarding yourself and your loved ones. Therefore, in this blog, we’ll explore what Scrub Typhus is, its causes, symptoms, and the treatments available.
Scrub Typhus
Scrub Typhus is a bacterial infection caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. This disease is transmitted through the bites of infected larval mites, also known as "chiggers," which thrive in environments with dense vegetation. People who spend time in such environments are more susceptible to the infection.
Causes of Scrub Typhus
The changing climate in Tamil Nadu provides a chance for the mites that spread Scrub Typhus (chiggers), to thrive.
Symptoms of Scrub Typhus
The common symptoms of Scrub Typhus are:
· Fever
· Headache
· Fatigue
· Rashes
In some cases, the untreated Scrub Typhus leads to
· Pneumonitis
· Meningitis
· Organ failure
Scrub Typhus Diagnosis
Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications from Scrub Typhus. The infection can be identified through diagnostic tests such as the ELISA blood test, which detects specific antibodies, and molecular tests like PCR, which confirm the presence of the bacteria.
Treatment Options for Scrub Typhus
Scrub Typhus is typically treated with antibiotics such as azithromycin and doxycycline, which are effective in combating the infection. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide advanced medical care and manage complications.
Who Is at Risk?
People who frequently work or live in grassy or bushy areas such as Farmers and outdoor workers who spend extended time in green and dense regions are more susceptible to Scrub Typhus. In addition, people with weakened immune systems and pregnant women are vulnerable to this illness.
Preventive Precautions
· Wear long-sleeved clothing and full-length pants for protection.
· Apply insect repellents to keep mites away.
· Stay away from areas with dense grass or bushes where mites thrive.
· Practice good personal hygiene to reduce the risk of infection.
Conclusion
Staying informed and taking preventive measures are key to reducing the risk of Scrub Typhus. In 2024, Tamil Nadu reported approximately 5,000 cases, highlighting the importance of awareness and early intervention. Anyone experiencing a fever lasting five or more days, with or without an eschar, should seek expert advice immediately, as it may indicate Scrub Typhus. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for effective recovery. Stay vigilant, take precautions, and prioritize your health.
2nd Jan, 2025
The liver plays an essential role in our body. It helps in the detoxification process by filtering out harmful substances from the blood and producing bile to aid in digestion. When the liver is damaged or exposed to toxins, it loses its ability to function normally. In recent times, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a major health issue, affecting millions of people worldwide. Understanding the risk factors of NAFLD is crucial for effective management. In this blog, you will learn about these risks and find ways to protect your liver health.
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Non-alcoholic fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a condition identified by the buildup of fat in the liver of individuals who consume minimal or no alcohol. If NAFLD is not treated properly for a long period of time it leads to serious liver conditions, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis, liver cancer, or liver failure.
Causes of NAFLD
The causes of non alcoholic fatty liver disease is not clear, but the researchers believe the following factors may contribute to its development:
- Genetics
- Overweight or obesity
- Insulin resistance
- High levels of triglycerides in the blood
- Metabolic syndrome
NAFLD Signs and Symptoms
Generally, non alcoholic fatty liver disease is a silent disease with no indications. However, when the disease progresses some individuals may experience symptoms such as:
- Fatigue
- Weakness
- Abdominal discomfort
- Jaundice
Who is at Risk?
The non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is common in people who are overweight or obese, have type 2 diabetes, or have high cholesterol. It is also more prevalent in older adults and those with a sedentary lifestyle. Additionally, individuals with a family history of liver disease may be at an increased risk for developing NAFLD.
How to Prevent NAFLD
There are several ways to prevent NAFLD and promote liver health. The following strategies can help reduce the risk of developing it:
- Eat healthy: Include foods that support liver health, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins
- Exercise daily: Aim for at least 25 minutes of exercise a day.
- Avoid processed foods: Processed foods are high in unhealthy fats, sugars, and additives that can contribute to liver damage.
- Manage chronic conditions such as diabetes and high cholesterol: These conditions can contribute to liver damage, so it is important to work with your healthcare provider to keep them under control.
How is NAFLD Diagnosed?
NAFLD has no symptoms. Generally, it is identified after the blood test results that higher-than-normal levels of liver enzymes.
Once NAFLD is suspected, the doctor goes for physical examinations like insulin resistance, and cirrhosis. In addition, the healthcare professional may recommend for
- Ultrasound to understand the fat in the liver
- Transient elastography to measure the liver stiffness
- Liver biopsy for accuracy
Treatment Options
Treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has no specific medications or specific treatments. Studies are currently being conducted to determine whether a specific diabetes medication or Vitamin E can be beneficial; however, further research is needed.
In addition, losing weight is commonly suggested for managing this condition. So, for some individuals weight loss surgery is recommended.
When to Consult a Doctor?
- It is important to consult a doctor if you are experiencing symptoms such as fatigue, abdominal pain, or yellowing of the skin and eyes.
- Regular check-ups and monitoring of liver function tests are recommended for those at risk of NAFLD.
In conclusion, NAFLD is a serious but manageable condition with a significant impact on liver health. By altering the lifestyle and making healthier choices, individuals with NAFLD can improve their liver function and reduce the risk of developing more severe liver diseases such as cirrhosis or liver cancer. If you are at risk of developing inflammation or scarring in your liver, consult with your healthcare provider.
12th Sep, 2024
The world has faced various viral threats over the years and the mpox is the latest to demand urgent action. The disease was initially identified in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970 and is now rapidly spreading to other countries causing widespread concern. This led the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare it as a global health emergency. It is important to control the outbreak before it becomes uncontrollable.
In India, doctors and hospitals have been alerted that immediate reporting of any patient exhibiting Mpox symptoms is mandatory. However, it is essential for every individual to stay informed about the virus, its symptoms, and prevention methods to protect themselves and others from getting infected. Therefore, this blog will give you a better understanding of Mpox and help you make informed decisions.
What is Mpox?
Mpox, formerly called monkeypox, is a rare disease caused by the Mpox virus. This virus is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which is closely related to the virus responsible for smallpox and there are two types of Mpox virus:
- Clade I
- Clade II
How does it spread?
Mpox is a zoonotic disease that has the potential to spread between animals, from animals to humans, and between humans. It primarily spreads in tropical rainforests, where the virus is transmitted by animals like squirrels, Gambian pouched rats, dormice, and various monkey species. The virus is transmitted among humans through close contact with an infected individual or by touching contaminated items such as bedding or clothing. In addition, transmission can occur through handling or consuming the meat of infected animals, particularly in regions where the virus is prevalent.
What are the symptoms of Mpox?
The common symptoms of Mpox are:
- Rash
- Fever, chills, and respiratory symptoms
- Exhaustion
- Muscle Aches
- Headaches
- Swollen lymph nodes in Mpox are prominent when compared to chickenpox
How to Prevent Mpox Infections?
To reduce the risk of Mpox infection, follow these guidelines:
- It is recommended to get vaccinated to prevent Mpox spread. Since no specific Mpox vaccine is available yet, antiviral drugs like tecovirimat or cidofovir are used to manage symptoms.
- Stay away from animals that are sick, dead, or appear to be affected by Mpox.
- Keep away from beds and other items that might be contaminated with the virus.
- Ensure that all animal meat or meat products are cleaned and cooked properly to limit the spread of Mpox virus.
- Wash your hands frequently.
- Use condoms to reduce the risk of transmission during sexual activity.
- Cover your mouth and nose with a mask when around others.
- When dealing with potential cases of Mpox, wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to protect yourself.
Following these steps can help reduce the risk of Mpox infection and contribute to public health and safety.
Mpox in India
The ongoing outbreak of Mpox has affected 116 countries and is severe in the Democratic Republic of Congo and neighbouring countries, highlighting the importance of public health measures in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Pakistan, a neighbouring country to India, has also been impacted by Mpox cases. While the likelihood of the virus spreading from Africa to India remains moderate, it is essential for Indian authorities to stay alert and initiative-taking. Monitoring and implementing strict public health measures can help prevent the spread of Mpox within the country.
21st Aug, 2024
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